FEMALE CONE MORPHOLOGY

Ovuliferous Scale Hairs, Papillae Seed Scar (impression) Scale Scar (abaxial) Apophysis Umbo Spine (prickle) Bract prominent Pseudotsuga, Larix (not laricina), Abies (variable) reduced and/or fused to scale Picea, Pinus, Tsuga, Thuja, Taxodium, Sequoia

	Abies lasiocarpa adaxial distal surface hairy large free bract seed scars
	Larix laricina seed scars hairs proximal adaxial fused bract
	Picea engelmanii bract fused widest 1/2 - 1/3 from base seed scars
	Picea glauca hairy bract short blunt widest 1/2 - 2/3 from base seed scars
	Pinus albicaulis seed scars ad & abaxially scale decayed proximally umbo slightly pointed
	Pinus aristata hairy seed scar ad & abaxially long bristle scale scar adaxially
	Pinus banksiana distinct seed scar bract broadly attached seed scars
	Pinus contorta seed scar ad & abaxially scale scars abaxially seed scars
	Pinus flexilis seed scars abaxially very thick apophysis umbo distinct
	Pinus ponderosa prominent umbo & spine faint seed scar fused bract
	Pseudotsuga menziesii hairy distinct seed scar bract protrudes
	Sequoia sempervirens rounded spine on apophysis
	Taxodium distichum scale fused to seed umbo gland-like
	Thuja plicata adaxial surface concave distally palillate-hairy rounded point on umbo
	Tsuga canadensis hairy seed scar short serrated bract
	Tsuga caroliniana adaxially hairy broad bract
	Tsuga mertensiana abaxial scale scars hairy pointed bract

• size (MEASURE)
• shape
• bract/scale length ratio
• seed scar/scale length ratio
• seed scar shape
• hairs and other ornamentation
• scars of other scales on abaxial surface of scale
• Apophysis, Umbo, Spine

TYPES TO DRAW

CUPRESSACEAE Cupressus arizonica
PINACEAE Abies concolor
PINACEAE Picea pungens
PINACEAE Pinus sabiniana

See Also

PINACEAE

TAXODIACEAE